First, a confession. When David and I started writing this series, we envisioned it would be completed after the third part. It appears we were a bit short-sighted. An astute reader challenged us to ...

Hash functions are a fundamental component in digital signatures, password security, random number generation, message authentication and blockchains.

Other authentication mechanisms, such as the hash function message authentication code (HMAC) and digital signatures, have long been available. CMAC is a new option, intended especially for ...

In many network communications it is crucial to be able to authenticate both the contents and the origin of a message. Digital signatures based on public key schemas are used for such authentication.