The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Materials combine with microalgae through intermolecular forces, covalent bond or coordinate bond, which interfere with the exchange of matter and energy between microalgae and extracellular ...

Bond polarity, driven by differences in electronegativity, explains why some molecules dissolve in water, why others don’t, and why substances have different boiling points. Polar bonds have unequal ...