All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology and ...

Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical problems such as predicting the result of a football game or the movement of a ...

Computers close computerA device that processes information by following a set of rules called a program. and digital devices work by storing and processing information. If information has been ...

The analytical study of science and innovation - also termed metascience, science of science, scientometrics, technometrics, among others - is becoming increasingly critical as global research and ...

Even when change is good, most of us would rather run the other way when we see it coming. This is simply human nature, especially when a system seems to be working satisfactorily. But the reality is ...