An Introduction to Ergodicity Economics is a new textbook that draws on physics to re-examine traditional economic theory. It ...

Expected value calculates average future investment returns based on outcome probabilities. In finance, expected value guides portfolio construction and when to sell assets with lower future value.

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS ...

Research has begun to explore how age-related changes in the brain systems that are implicated in affect and motivation influence decision making. Older and younger adults show similar affective and ...